von Gunten CF. Secondary and tertiary palliative care in US hospitals. JAMA 2002;287:875- 881.

Walsh TD. Continuing care in a medical center: the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Palliative Care Service. J Pain Symptom Manage 1990;5:273-278.

Smith T, Loprinzi C, von Gunten CF (eds). ASCO Curriculum: Optimizing Cancer Care—The Importance of Symptom Management. Alexandria, Va: American Society for Clinical Oncology; 2001.

Pan CS, Morrison RS, Meier DE, et al. How prevalent are hospital-based palliative care programs? status report and future directions. J Palliat Med 2001;4:315-324.

Billings JA, Pantilat S. Survey of palliative care programs in United States teaching hospitals. J Palliat Med 2001;4:309-314.

Commission on Cancer. Cancer Program Standards. Chicago, Ill: American College of Surgeons; 2004:18. (Link to PDF)

Foley K. Advancing palliative care in the United States. Palliat Med 2003;17:89-91.

Field MJ, Cassel CK, eds. Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1997.

Foley KM, Gelband H (eds). National Cancer Policy Board: Improving Palliative Care for Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2001.

Lunney JR, Foley KM, Smith TM, Gelband H (eds). National Research Council. Describing Death in America: What We Need to Know. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003.

Ferris F, Balfour H, Bowen K, et al. A model to guide patient and family care: based on nationally accepted principles and norms of practice. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002;24:106-123.

American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Personal communication; December 1, 2003.

Providing Direct Billable Physician Services to Hospice Patients: An Opportunity to Upgrade the Medical Component of Hospice Care. Alexandria, Va: National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization; 2003.